¹On leave second semester.
²On leave full year.

History provides the opportunity to understand the human experience through the study of one's own and other cultures and societies as they have evolved over time. It is also a rigorous intellectual discipline involving research techniques, problem solving, and the critical evaluation of evidence. The department offers a wide variety of learning experiences, including lectures, individual tutorials, discussion groups, 300-level seminars, and senior research seminars. Students are encouraged to take courses in many areas of history and in interdisciplinary programs and related fields. Although a number of distinguished academic historians began their training at Colby, most majors find that history is excellent preparation for careers in business, law, and other professions. In recent years, media research, preservation, and museums have offered new opportunities for persons trained in history.

Requirements for the Major in History
Twelve semester courses in history: at least two courses in each of the following three areas: United States, European, and non-Western history; and History 200. In each area, at least one course must be at the 200 level or higher; additionally, one of the courses must be in "early" history, the other in "modern" history, as designated by the department. Up to four of the 12 semester courses in history may be transferred from courses taken in history departments at other colleges and universities at home and abroad. Students may petition in advance to count up to a maximum of two courses in allied fields at Colby toward the 12-course requirement for the major. The combined number of courses both transferred from other colleges and universities and counted from allied fields at Colby is restricted to four.

All majors must take a designated senior research seminar (which may also count toward fulfilling an area requirement) in which they write a major research paper. Students should be aware that all senior seminars are by permission of the instructor. During the spring semester of their junior year, students should consult with their advisors about an appropriate seminar choice. In exceptional cases, history majors may make application to enroll in History 494, Independent Research (in either semester), in order to write a major research paper. History majors granted admission to the campus-wide Senior Scholars Program are exempt from this requirement.

Details on the division of courses among the fields and on the senior seminar requirement are available at the department office.

The point scale for retention of the major applies to all courses in history. No requirement for the major may be taken satisfactory/unsatisfactory.

Honors in History
Senior majors in history who write exceptionally strong research papers in a history senior research seminar during the first semester of their senior year and who wish to continue their research in an honors program may make application to a history professor who, at his or her discretion, may agree to act as honors advisor and to enroll the student as an honors candidate in History 484. Alternately, exceptionally strong students may make application at the end of the spring semester of their junior year and, at the discretion of a history professor who agrees to act as honors advisor, may be admitted in the first semester of the senior year to History 483, the first semester of a year-long honors program. A total of up to eight credits may be given for the year, including January Program credit. Upon successful completion of History 483, the student, at the discretion of the honors advisor, would be admitted to History 484. Upon the successful completion of History 484 and the requirements for the major, the honors student's graduation from the College will be noted as being "With Honors in History."

Note: all three- or four-credit hour courses offered by the History Department fulfill the area requirement in historical studies (H). Those that also fulfill the diversity requirement include the D designation.

Course Offerings

[103j] Athens, Rome, and Jerusalem Listed as Classics 139j (q.v.). Two credit hours.

104s Roman History Listed as Ancient History 154 (q.v.). Three or four credit hours. MR. ROISMAN

105j History and the Homeric Epics Listed as Classics 135 (q.v.). Three credit hours. MR. HELM

106f Topics in Ancient History: Greek History Listed as Ancient History 158 (q.v.). Three or four credit hours. MR. ROISMAN

111f Europe from Late Antiquity to 1618 A survey of European history from the age of Augustus to the beginning of the Thirty Years War, covering political, intellectual, social, and cultural history. Larger themes include the evolution of medieval kingship, relations between church and state, the development of nation-states, Renaissance, Reformation, and religious wars. Interactions between Christians, Jews, and Moslems; also attention to gender, family, and daily life. Four credit hours. MS. TAYLOR

112s A Survey of Modern Europe An introduction to European political, socio-economic, and cultural developments from 1618 to the present day. Coverage of international relations, both within Europe and between Europe and the non-European world, the development of modern industrial nation-states, and transformations in culture and everyday life. Four credit hours. MR. SCHECK

131f Survey of United States History, to 1865 A general overview of key issues and events in United States history from the age of settlement through the Civil War. Four credit hours. MS. LEONARD

132s Survey of United States History, 1865 to the Present The rise of national power and its implications for American democratic values. Four credit hours. MR. MOSS

[135] The Crisis of Liberal Democracy, 1919-1945 Described in the "Integrated Studies" section of this catalogue. Four credit hours.

[136] The American Superpower, 1945-1970 Described in the "Integrated Studies" section of this catalogue. Four credit hours.

150fs Introduction to East Asia Listed as East Asian Studies 150 (q.v.). Four credit hours. D. MS. WEITZ AND MR. DITMANSON

161f Introduction to African History Survey of the history of Sub-Saharan Africa. The course explores the major themes and trends in African history from the establishment of the first human communities on the continent to the initial contacts between Africans and Western Europeans in the 15th century. Four credit hours. D. MS. MIRAN

162s History of Modern Africa Survey of African history since the 16th century. The course begins with an examination of the rise of the Atlantic slave trade and traces the history of the continent through the era of European imperialism to the present. Four credit hours. D. MS. MIRAN

[171] Colonial Latin America An introduction to some of the major themes in the history of colonial Latin America, from the "discovery" in 1492 to the 18th-century "Bourbon Reforms." Topics include social, economic, and political consequences of the colonial rule in Spanish and Portuguese America, the evolving relationship between the native and the Spanish populations, the role of the Catholic Church in the process of the Spanish conquest and colonization. Readings include a textbook, primary sources, and additional secondary sources. Four credit hours. D.

[172] Modern Latin America An introduction to some of the major themes in the history of modern Latin America (19th and 20th centuries). Topics include the economic and social consequences of the war of independence, the process of nation building and the emergence of a nationalist ideology, the introduction of Latin American countries into the world economy, the growing influence of the United States in the region, and the impact of globalization. Students gain knowledge of the main social, political, and economic developments of Latin America in general since its independence; special emphasis is placed on Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. Four credit hours. D.

181f Jewish History I: From Antiquity to 1492 A survey of Jewish history from the world of the Hebrew Bible to the Expulsion from Spain. Topics include the Chosen People, the Kingdom of David, the age of prophecy, the sacrificial cult, Jews in the Hellenistic world, the revolt of the Maccabees, the birth of Christianity, Masada, the rise of the diaspora, rabbinic Judaism and the Talmud, the Jews of Islam, the Crusades, the Jewish-Christian polemic, medieval anti-Jewish stereotypes, Jewish Mysticism, and the Golden Age of Spain. Four credit hours. D. MR. LUPOVITCH

182s Jewish History II: From 1492 to the Present A survey of Jewish history from the Expulsion from Spain through the birth of the state of Israel. Topics include the return of Jewish life to Western Europe, Jews and the Italian Renaissance, Martin Luther and the Jews, the Jewish Enlightenment, the age of emancipation, reform movements in Judaism, Hasidism, the world of the Shtetl in Poland and Russia, anti-semitism and Jewish responses, the birth of Zionism, and the emergence of new centers of Jewish life in America, Israel, and the Soviet Union. Four credit hours. D. MR. LUPOVITCH

200s Introduction to History A course divided into three units: the first introduces students to history's history and philosophical problems; the second explores the nature of historical disputes with emphasis on the nature of historical evidence and its use; the third introduces the problems of doing original research in history. Open only to history majors. Four credit hours. MR. MOSS

[208] Romans and Jews: History, Religion, Archaeology Listed as Ancient History 258 (q.v.). Three credit hours. D.

[209j] History As Fiction: The Medieval Historical Novel and Film How medieval history is portrayed through a close reading of a historical novel, Ken Follett's Pillars of the Earth, along with viewing of several films that depict the time period. Critical evaluation of the historical accuracy of films and novels and learning how to write history as fiction. Two credit hours.

[212] England from 1066 to 1603 A focus on English history from the Norman Conquest to the death of Elizabeth I. Topics include the changes from Anglo-Saxon to Norman rule, the Anarchy, Magna Carta and the development of parliamentary institutions, plague and rebellion, the Hundred Years War, the Wars of the Roses, the English Renaissance and Reformation, and the Elizabethan Settlement. Attention to social life, cultural innovations, and gender issues. Four credit hours.

[214] Italian Renaissance An interdisciplinary look at the history and culture of the Renaissance in Italy, with special attention to Florence and Venice. Topics include politics and city-states; court life and patronage; honor and clientage; art and architecture; academic and civic humanism; books, writers, and literature (including Dante, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli); women and family life; popular culture. Four credit hours. D.

215s Heresy, Humanism, and Reform The wide range of medieval heresies, including the appeal to women and the poor; popular culture on the eve of the Reformation; northern humanism; Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin; the Radical Reformation; Counter-Reformation; Inquisition; the effects of reform on women and the family; the religious wars and the growth of toleration; the witch crazes. Four credit hours. MS. TAYLOR

220s Yugoslavia: Emergence, History, and Dissolution In a search to understand the violent dissolution of Yugoslavia and the Bosnian conflict, the course analyzes the history of the complex Balkan region that constituted Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1991, beginning with Ottoman and Habsburg influence in the 18th century and ending with the civil war of the 1990s. Four credit hours. MR. SCHECK

[221] Europe in Conflict, 1914-1945 A diplomatic and political history of the period that playwright Bertolt Brecht called the new 30-years civil war of Europe. Examines war aims and peace efforts in World War I, the emergence of a short-lived international system in the 1920s, attempts to avoid war in an age of ideological radicalization in the 1930s, and the catastrophe of World War II. Four credit hours.

[222] Western Europe Since 1945 An examination of the reconstruction of Europe after the "hour zero" with a special focus on the economic, political, and cultural integration of Western Europe. Addresses the problems of joining together the two Europes after the breakdown of the Iron Curtain in 1989. Four credit hours.

223f European Politics, Culture, and Thought, 1789-1914 A survey of the "long" 19th century in Europe. Special focus on political and social change connected to industrial revolution, demographic explosion, and overseas expansion. Introduction of intellectual and cultural currents in close historical context. Four credit hours. MR. SCHECK

[224] Germany and Europe, 1871-1945 What went wrong with German history from the first unification to the catastrophe of Nazism? Examining the question of German peculiarities within the European context and the debate on continuities in recent German history. Four credit hours.

[225j] The History of Childhood in Europe An introduction to various approaches to childhood in history. Discusses the thesis of the "invention" of childhood as a distinctive period of life in early modern Europe as well as speculations about its "disappearance" at the age of the mass media. Focus on the problem of knowing about childhood experience in the past within changing family structures and social contexts. Three credit hours.

227f History of Russia, 862-1855 Russia from early times to the abolition of serfdom, with an emphasis on political, socioeconomic, and cultural history. Topics include the rise and fall of Kievan Rus', the Mongol invasion, the rise of Muscovy, the origins and evolution of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the development of serfdom and autocracy. Four credit hours. MS. MUELLER

228s History of Russia, 1855-1991 Russia from the eve of the abolition of serfdom to the collapse of the U.S.S.R., with an emphasis on the political, socioeconomic, and cultural history of late Imperial and early Soviet Russia. Topics include the Emancipation and its effects; Tsarist and Soviet industrialization strategies; Leninism; the revolutions of 1905 and 1917; Stalinism; the Great Patriotic War and its aftermath; the collapse of the Soviet empire. Four credit hours. MS. MUELLER

[229j] Shaping Minds: Persuasion and Propaganda in the 20th Century What do Soviet Russia in the 1920s and 1930s, Hitler's Nazi Germany, and America during World War II and the 1950s have in common? In each case, propaganda was created and used to mold the thoughts and behavior of the citizenry in what were portrayed as extraordinary times. By studying examples of propaganda (films, posters, leaflets) in these three periods the course examines propaganda's role in modern mass society. Three credit hours.

231f American Women's History, to 1870 An examination of key themes in the varied lives of women in America from colonial times to the end of the Civil War, such as their relationship to the public sphere and politics; women's work in the contexts of household production, early industrialization, and slavery; women and citizenship in the new republic; and women, religion, and social reform. Four credit hours. D. MS. LEONARD

232s American Women's History, 1870 to the Present An exploration of critical topics in the history of women in America from Reconstruction to the present, including the struggle for suffrage; black women in the aftermath of slavery; women and the labor movement; the impact on women of two world wars; birth control and reproductive freedom; women's liberation; the feminization of poverty; and the backlash against feminism. Four credit hours. D. MS. LEONARD

233f Not Work: The Rise of Sport and Leisure in America Surveying the rise in America of a culture characterized by extensive leisure and a nearly fanatical concern with sport. Students will think critically about the historical roots of modern American society and the meaning of sport and leisure in that society. A lecture-discussion course; students write a short research paper. History 131 and/or 132 recommended but not required. Four credit hours. MR. MOSS

234s The American Revolution A social, cultural, and political study of the revolutionary era in American history. The forces leading up to the war, the war itself, and the people who fought it; and such post-war developments as the promulgation of the U.S. Constitution. In what ways did the revolution transform what had been a colonial society into something new? Did the constitutional period witness a retreat, by the founders and American society at large, from the democratic promises of the revolution? Four credit hours. MS. LEONARD

[235j] American Women, American Wars A combination lecture and discussion course that examines the roles played by American women in four American wars--the Revolution, the Civil War, World War I, and World War II--and the effects of those wars on shaping the experience of American women at critical points in American history. Two credit hours.

237f Women in American Religion Listed as Religious Studies 257 (q.v.). Four credit hours. D. MS. CAMPBELL

238f Religion in the United States of America Listed as Religious Studies 217 (q.v.). Four credit hours. S. MS. CAMPBELL

[239] The Era of the Civil War A social, political, and cultural survey of the Civil War, its origins, and its aftermath. Was the war a watershed in American history, as historians have commonly suggested? And if so, what kind of watershed? Four credit hours.

[241] History of Science in America Listed as Science, Technology, and Society 271 (q.v.). Three or four credit hours.

242f Industry, Technology, and Society, 1750-1915 Listed as Science, Technology, and Society 250 (q.v.). Four credit hours. MR. REICH

243s Industry, Technology, and Society in the 20th Century Listed as Science, Technology, and Society 251 (q.v.). Three or four credit hours. MR. REICH

247f African-American History, from Slavery to Freedom The nature of racism, the experience of slavery, the role of African Americans in shaping the nation's history, and the struggle for equality from colonial times until the present. Four credit hours. D. MR. WEISBROT

254j The World of Ming China, 1368-1644 The Ming dynasty was a period of great flux in Chinese history in terms of political and social order, moral philosophy, gender relations, and artistic and literary representation. An examination of the social and cultural dynamics of this period through reading and discussion of a variety of materials, including political treatises, philosophical essays, religious texts, fiction, drama, and art. Three credit hours. D. MR. DITMANSON

256s Japan from Early Times to the 17th Century An exploration of the social, political, and cultural dimensions of Japanese civilization from prehistoric times to the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate through study of the ancient archaelogical record, early myths and legends, Shinto and Buddhism, the beginnings of empire, the development of Heian aristocratic society, the devolution of power and the rise of the warrior class, Tokugawa political consolidation, and the emergence of urban popular culture. Four credit hours. D. MR. DITMANSON

[271] Introduction to Latin American Culture An introduction to the history of Latin American culture through the analysis of a series of "classic" Latin American texts. After a thorough questioning of the concepts of "classic" and "text," the course will focus on one of the main problems of Latin American culture: the construction of a specifically Latin American identity. Readings will consist almost entirely of primary sources ranging from Columbus's letters to contemporary novels. Listed as Latin American Studies 271. Four credit hours. D.

276s World History Since 1400 Survey of the major trends in modern world history, focusing on the expansion of Europe and non-Western responses to economic, political, and cultural imperialism. Themes include the role of technology in historical change, the development of a global economy, and the transformations of political and social identities that have characterized the last five centuries of human history. Preference will be given to senior international studies majors. Four credit hours. MS. MIRAN

[281] Jews and Judaism in America What are the principal differences and similarities between Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist Jews? An examination of the varieties of Jewish religious life in America, and the European origins of American Jewish religious movements. Four credit hours. D.

[283j] Jewish Biography and Autobiography How do Jews remember their lives, and how are they remembered by their contemporaries? Readings include the personal histories of Theodore Herzl, Gershom Sholem, Solomon Maimon, Elie Wiesel, and Golda Meir. Two credit hours. D.

285f Christianity: An Introduction Listed as Religious Studies 215 (q.v.). Four credit hours. MS. CAMPBELL

295j Internship in History Internships in museums, historical restoration, historical societies, and preservation centers. Nongraded, credit or no entry. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Zero to three credit hours. FACULTY

297s In Search of a Strong Man: Greece in the Fourth Century Listed as Classics 297 (q.v.). Three or four credit hours. MR. ROISMAN

302f Manhood in Greek Society and Literature Listed as Classics 332 (q.v.). Four credit hours. MR. ROISMAN AND MS. ROISMAN

[306] Alexander the Great Listed as Ancient History 356 (q.v.). Four credit hours.

[313] Women in Medieval and Early Modern Europe The history of women and gender from the early Middle Ages to the French Revolution, with attention to women of all classes and categories of society; virgins, wives, and widows; saints, nuns, and mothers; queens, intellectuals, physicians, and brewers; prostitutes, magicians, and witches. Changes in legal, family, and economic status over time; working opportunities and restrictions; attitudes to sexuality; the querelle des femmes; male views of women; writings by women; church attitudes. Four credit hours. D.

317f The Gothic Moment: Paris and the Ile-de-France, 1100-1250 An exploration of the 12th-century renaissance--the moment during which universities first develop, Gothic cathedrals and churches are built all over northern Europe, literature in the form of Arthurian legends, courtly love, and fabliaux reach all levels of society, and speculative philosophy and theology engage the minds of the leading thinkers. Concentrating on Paris between 1100 and 1250, exploring the culture of this period through interdisciplinary studies. Four credit hours. MS. TAYLOR

318s Medicine and Disease in Medieval and Early Modern Europe A seminar exploring the evolution of medical theory and practice from Hippocrates, Galen, and Soranus to the development of medical faculties at medieval universities, including how professionalization affected women practitioners. A look at normal life stages, pregnancy, childbirth, midwifery, and mental health. The major medieval diseases: leprosy, plague, and syphilis. Ethical issues regarding social reactions to the physically and mentally sick, including stigmatization, stereotyping, segregation, and assertion of "family values" against perceived threats. Four credit hours. MS. TAYLOR

[320] The Crisis of European Civilization, 1900-1925 An analysis of the immensely creative and destructive European crisis in the period of World War I. Examines the breakthrough of "modernity" in the arts and society, the devastating experience of the first total war of societies, and the effects of the struggle both in culture and politics. Four credit hours.

329f Stalin and Stalinism A junior-level seminar on the man and the era, with attention to Soviet, Western, and post-Soviet interpretations of "Stalinism" and its significance. Topics include Stalin's rise to power; the collectivization of agriculture; forced industrialization; the purges and the gulag; the Cult of Personality; foreign policy and World War II; and the origins of the Cold War. Four credit hours. MS. MUELLER

333f American Cultural History, 1600-1865 American life from the founding to the Civil War as seen from a social and intellectual perspective. Emphasis on the growth of a unique American mind and its relationship to New World social and political development. Four credit hours. MR. MOSS

[336] America: The New World, 1607-1783 The American colonies from their earliest settlement to the Revolution; the emergence of a unique American society and mind from the Puritans to George Washington. Four credit hours.

[338] Struggling from Revolution to Civil War, United States History 1775-1860 A junior-level seminar exploring political and cultural conflicts and debates in the United States from the Revolution to the outbreak of the Civil War. Topics include loyalism versus patriotism in the Revolution, federalism versus antifederalism in the constitutional period, and the competition among Jacksonian-era political parties for the loyalty of an expanding electorate. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours.

[340] Seminar: Biographies and Autobiographies of Great American Women A junior-level seminar in which biographies and autobiographies of prominent individual American women are used to explore not only their lives but also critical issues in American women's history, in the discipline of biographical/autobiographical historical writing, in developing a concept of historical "greatness." Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. D.

342f Crisis and Reform: American Society and Politics in the 1960s The utopian hopes for government during the Kennedy and Johnson years, both in solving social problems and in containing communism around the world. Readings focus on the shaping of federal policies, their domestic and global impact, and the cultural and political legacy of this era. Enrollment limited. Four credit hours. MR. WEISBROT

[344] American Liberalism in Thought and Practice The changing role of the national government in American society in the 20th century. Primary focus on populism, progressivism, and the civil-rights movement; on the broad expansions of government responsibility that occurred during the Progressive, New Deal, and Great Society eras; and on the contemporary impacts and problems resulting from this enlargement of the role and size of the federal government. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours.

[347] America in Vietnam The course traces the roots of conflict in Vietnam, American involvement, the course of the war, and its legacy for both Americans and Vietnamese. Four credit hours.

[360] The Western Sahel A seminar on the history of the West African region linking black and Arab Africa. Topics include early settlements, the emergence of empires, the impact of Islam, the slave trades, European colonization, and independence. Three credit hours. D.

[362] African Voices/African History An exploration of the social and cultural history of 20th-century Africa through film and literature. Topics include European-African relations in the colonial period, urbanization and cultural change, apartheid in South Africa, and contemporary African gender issues. Three credit hours. D.

[363] Debating the African Past A seminar that examines major contemporary debates about the African past. Topics include the early relationship between black Africa and Egypt, the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa, slavery within Africa, Islamic imperialism, the impact of colonial rule, and the nature of the post-colonial state. Four credit hours. D.

[364] Economic Change in 20th-Century Africa A seminar on the evolution of African economies in the 20th century; topics include the commercial revolution, colonial and post-colonial policy, urbanization, food crisis, and international aid. Designed to provide a solid historical foundation for understanding contemporary problems. Four credit hours. D.

382s Women in Modern Jewish History Exploring the experiences of Jewish women during the last three centuries, as a sub-group of world Jewry with a distinct experience of modernity and as a reflection of broader currents in modern Jewish history. First investigating the legal and actual status of women in the world of traditional Judaism, and then examining such topics as the discrepancies between the static religious role and the more dynamic social role of women in Jewish communal life, the influence of affluent Jewish women in communal politics, the image of women as the defenders of Jewish traditions in the face of assimilation, the interplay between Jewish women and the feminist movement, and the impact of Jewish movements such as Hasidism, Zionism, liberalism, and socialism on Jewish women. Four credit hours. D. MR. LUPOVITCH

[383] War and Society: Classical and Modern Perspectives Listed as Ancient History 393 (q.v.). Four credit hours.

[384] Dilemmas of Modern Jewish Identity An exploration of the conflicts between Jewish identity and the demands of modern life, and how Jewish thinkers have tried--with varied success--to resolve these conflicts. Topics include Moses Mendelssohn and the separation of church and state, Judaism and democracy, the future of the diaspora, Judaism and Marxism, Judaism and feminism, secular Jewish culture, and Jewish identity after the Holocaust. Four credit hours. D.

391f, 392s Independent Study Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. One to four credit hours. FACULTY

397Af Text and Conquest: Political Ideology in Ireland 1541-1641 An exploration of ideas generated by the English conquest of Ireland gives participants the chance to look at early modern Europe in microcosm--colonial expansion, religious division, and governmental consolidation. It takes advantage of the recent controversy over the work of the planter-poet Edmund Spenser to broaden out the subject by scrutinizing not only the work of similarly engaged English writers such as Barnaby Rich and Sir John Davies but also the counter-arguments of Irish historians, churchmen, and poets. What the Irish thought about their own country as well as what others thought about Ireland. The course, looking at literature in its social and political context rather than from the viewpoint of discourse theory, is based on texts in English or translated into English. Four credit hours. MR. MORGAN

397Bf Muslim Societies in African History A seminar on the history of Islam and Muslim communities in Sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on both West and East Africa. Topics include the spreading of Islam and the phenomenon of conversions; Sufism and Islamic learning; Muslims in non-Muslim states and jihads; the impact of colonialism and the contemporary development of new versions of Islam. Case studies are based on historical, literary, and film sources. Four credit hours. MS. MIRAN

[411] Sainthood and Popular Devotion in the Middle Ages An interdisciplinary seminar to explore ideas of sanctity and popular devotion from the Middle Ages to approximately 1700, with attention to studies in anthropology, art history, literature, and religion. Issues include the formation of concepts of sainthood and martyrdom in late antiquity; the uses of sanctity, pilgrimages, and relics; gender differences; and popular versus elite belief. Recommended: previous course in medieval or early modern history. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours.

[412] Body and Soul: Conceptions, Sexuality, and Gender in Medieval and Early Modern Europe Attitudes of church, state, and ordinary people to sexuality from late antiquity to 1650. What constituted normal versus deviant sexuality? What defined masculinity? What did it mean to be a medieval woman in terms of her body, male views of femaleness, and her view of herself? Were there categories of heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality? A look at prescriptive literature such as sermons, confessional manuals; legal and criminal statutes dealing with sexual transgression, especially in relation to prostitution and sex that was considered contra naturam. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. D.

416f Research Seminar: France in the Renaissance A focus on life and culture in France from the Italian Wars to the assassination of Henri IV, with special attention to printing, book culture, art, architecture, music, literature, forms of devotion, court life. Prerequisite: Reading knowledge of French and permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. MS. TAYLOR

421s Research Seminar: Debating the Nazi Past Focus on the rise of Nazis and on different interpretations of the Third Reich: everyday life, policies toward women and workers, attitude of churches, role of the army, genesis of the Holocaust, Hitler's way of governing and popular perception of him; how Germans have dealt with the Nazi past over the last 50 years. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. MR. SCHECK

422f Research Seminar: Topics in Modern European Women's History Focuses on the rise of political women's movements in the 19th century, the impact of World War I on women, the introduction of universal suffrage, the "new woman" of the 1920s, the status of women in authoritarian systems (fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union), and the impact of World War II on gender roles. Special attention to the articulation of women's rights in the context of democratization and rising mass nationalism. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. D. MR. SCHECK

426f Research Seminar: Tyrants and Rebels in Russian History An examination of Russian absolutism and some of the political, intellectual, and religious dissidents who have opposed it. Emphasis on discussion, oral reports, and the production of a research paper. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. MS. MUELLER

433f Research Seminar: United States Cultural History, 1890-1915 What is culture, how and why should historians study it? Major issues in the methodologies and writing of cultural history as they have been discussed among historians who study the United States. Selected readings in cultural history and historiography and development of a research project in cultural history. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. MR. MOSS

[435] Research Seminar: Women in the Civil War An in-depth study of women's involvement in the war both as active participants and as observers on the home front. Themes include women's enthusiasm for the war; the significance of their willingness to maintain the home front; relations between women and men in military hospitals; the impact of class and race on women's wartime opportunities; and the consequences for prewar gender systems of women's active war participation. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. D.

[442] Research Seminar: African-American Thought and Leadership An intensive examination of selected leaders in African-American history, focusing on civil-rights activists and black nationalists of the past century; biographies and writings of W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X, among others. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. D.

447f Research Seminar: The Cold War An examination of the Cold War from both Soviet and American perspectives, tracing the reasons for this prolonged rivalry, the patterns of military and diplomatic confrontation, the global impact of the Cold War, and the upheaval in Soviet-American relations that recently moved the Cold War into the realm of history. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. MR. WEISBROT

452s Research Seminar: The Rise of Modern East Asia The transformations of China, Japan, and Korea from the imperial orders of the latter 19th century to the national regimes of the early 20th. Readings and discussions examine changes in politics, society, religion, and culture to consider the shifting definitions of what it means to be Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. D. MR. DITMANSON

[470] Ideas and Ideologies in Latin America Are Latin American intellectuals mere consumers of ideas and ideologies produced elsewhere or do they play an active role in the production of those ideas? A seminar to explore the meaning of "reception" of social, political, and economic ideas and focusing on the particular way in which such notions as "liberalism," "positivism," "modernism," and the like were interpreted, filtered, and redefined by Latin American intellectuals from the early 19th century to the present in order to make them fit into, and at the same time shape, the evolving Latin American reality. Special attention to the dialectical relationship between the development of ideas and social reality. Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Four credit hours.

479f Research Seminar: Jews and the City An examination of the Jews of three cities that emerged as major urban centers and major centers of Jewish culture during the 19th century--New York, Vienna, and Budapest--from their origins in the 18th century through World War II. Topics include the impact of urban life on Jewish identity, the role of neighborhoods in the preservation of Jewish communal solidarity, the mixed attitudes of native and immigrant Jews toward one another, Jewish participation in urban culture, the intellectual world of leading Jewish thinkers such as Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein, the enigmatic rise of urban anti-semitism in a cosmopolitan milieu, and the tension between the benefits of anonymity and the tenacity of ethnic cohesiveness. Background in Jewish, European, American, or urban history is encouraged. Four credit hours. D. MR. LUPOVITCH

[481] Research Seminar: Ecological Change in World History The changing relationship between human agency and the environment over the course of world history, examining broad themes such as the agricultural and industrial revolutions, the integration of world ecozones, historical epidemiology, and the impact of technological change on the environment. Prerequisite: History 276. Four credit hours.

483f, 484s History Honors Program Majors may apply late in their junior year for admission into the History Honors Program. These courses require research conducted under the guidance of a faculty member and focused on an approved topic leading to the writing of a thesis. Upon successful completion of the thesis and the major, the student will graduate "With Honors in History." Enrollment limited. Prerequisite: Senior standing, a 3.3 grade point average in the history major at the end of the junior year, and permission of the instructor. Four credit hours. FACULTY

491f, 492s Independent Study Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. One to four credit hours. FACULTY

494fs History Independent Research Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. One to four credit hours. FACULTY