ў7# ]•E˜˜˜˜˜І ЦЦЦк фєєznxЦц **T˜* **TA******Optional Experiment Determination of the Mineral Composition of Seashells using Infrared Spectroscopy PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT Reading: Before coming to your discussion section, read the following: 1. W. F. Kinard, 1980. The Chemistry of Seashells, J.Chem. Ed., 57(11):783-784. Background Most seashells are made of CaCO3 which can be in one of two crystal forms, calcite or aragonite. We will differentiate between the two mineral forms of calcium carbonate using IR spectroscopy. The IR spectra of calcite and aragonite are shown in Figure 1. Each spectrum is a plot of percent light transmitted as a function of wavenumber (cm-1). Wavenumber is the reciprocal of wavelength (in units of cm) and has been historically used by IR spectroscopists because it is proportional to energy. The "peaks" in the spectra are due to specific interactions of the light with the carbonate anion. Because the shape of the carbonate anion in aragonite is slightly different than in calcite, aragonite has an additional IR "peak" at 1080 cm-1. This peak is diagnostic of aragonite. We will use the 1080 cm-1 peak to differentiate between calcite and aragonite. PROCEDURE 1. Work alone. 2. Sign up for a FTIR time slot on the black board at the front of the laboratory. 3. You will be analyzing one seashell sample of your choice. Select either a hard shell clam, a soft shell clam, an oyster, or a lobster and record your choice in our lab book. Using a pair of clean needle nose pliers, break and crush about a 0.5 cm2 piece of shell into a clean mortar. Add approximately the same amount of dry KBr to the mortar and grind the shell-KBr mixture until the shell is a fine powder and well mixed with the KBr. Transfer the shell-KBr mixture to a small beaker and clean the mortar and pestle. 4. You will be taking the IR spectrum of your sample using our Mattson 4020 FTIR spectrophotometer. The instrument is located in the instrument lab on the second floor of Keyes. 5. While you are waiting for time on the instrument, run the application IR Tutor on one of the color Macintosh computers in the lab. IR Tutor is an interactive tutorial on IR spectroscopy. Start with the INTRODUCTION and select DEFINITION OF SPECTROSCOPY. Follow the tutorial through the theory section of IR spectroscopy. Finally, select the Spectral Interpretation menu and view Heptanoic Acid. Focus on the IR peaks below 1450 cm-1; do any of these peaks match the peaks observed for carbonate and aragonite? 6. Draw the Lewis dot structure for the carbonate anion. What is the shape of the anion? Run the application CH141 CARBONATE which shows the IR spectrum of aragonite. Which peak in the aragonite spectrum is not observed in the calcite spectrum. Speculate on why the peak has disappeared. For each of the major peaks draw in your lab book a picture of the molecular vibration responsible for the peak, and identify the peak on your unknown sample. REPORT 1. Turn in a photocopy of the IR spectrum of the seashell with the major peaks labeled with the specific molecular vibration responsible for IR absorbance. 2. Clearly indicate whether your sample is calcite or aragonite. 3. Select one of the major peaks in the IR spectrum and calculate the energy of the photons absorbed. 4. Describe what happens to a molecule when it absorbs IR light. 5. Two other inorganic ions are nitrate, NO3-, and sulfite, SO32-. From Lewis dot structures decide the shape of each of these ions. Would either ion exhibit an IR spectrum similar to that of carbonate?  Figure 1. IR spectra of carbonate and aragonite. 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/macron/breve/dotaccent/ring/cedilla/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron NewCodes 128 128 getinterval astore pop /oshow{/str2 xdef .1 w 0 1 str2 length 1 sub{str2 exch 1 getinterval false charpath currentpoint stroke m}for}bdef /ktx{newpath /$1 xdef /$2 xdef /$3 xdef /$4 xdef $3 $2 moveto $4 show $1 0 gt{$1 2 div w 0 $1 rmoveto $3 $2 $1 add lineto stroke}if}bdef /tx{newpath /$1 xdef /$2 xdef /$3 xdef /$4 xdef dup /$5 xdef 0 1 $4 length 1 sub{$4 exch 1 getinterval exch $2 moveto $3}for $1 0 gt{$1 2 div w 0 $1 rmoveto $5 $2 $1 add lineto stroke}if}bdef /stx{newpath /$1 xdef /$2 xdef /$3 xdef /$4 xdef dup /$5 xdef 0 1 $4 length 1 sub{$4 exch 1 getinterval exch dup SYM eq{pop exch $2 moveto currentfont SymbolFont setfont exch $3 setfont}{$2 moveto $3}ifelse}for}bdef /showsym{moveto gsave /ch xdef currentpoint initmatrix translate 0 0 moveto currentfont /FontName get /Courier eq ch exch charpath flattenpath pathbbox /ury xdef /urx xdef /lly xdef /llx xdef urx llx sub -2 div llx sub ury lly sub -2 div lly sub grestore rmoveto ch show}def /ps2mac{1 -1 scale neg 0 exch translate}bdef /mac2ps{0 exch translate 1 -1 scale}bdef /xpat{gsave setcmykcolor eofill grestore gsave FillCyan FillMagenta FillYellow FillBlack setcmykcolor eoclip /thepat xdef /right xdef/bottom xdef/left xdef/top xdef /sizev xdef /sizeh xdef /shrink exch 72 div def /howmanywide left right sub abs cvi sizeh idiv 1 add shrink mul 1 add cvi def /howmanydown bottom top sub abs cvi sizev idiv 1 add shrink mul 1 add cvi def left top translate sizeh shrink div sizev shrink div scale howmanydown{gsave howmanywide{sizeh sizev true [sizeh 0 0 sizev 0 0]{thepat}imagemask 1 0 translate}repeat grestore 0 1 translate}repeat grestore}bdef /drawrect{/$r xdef /$b xdef /$l xdef /$t xdef $l $t m $r $t L $r $b L $l $b L closepath}bdef /drawdiamond{/$r xdef /$b xdef /$l xdef /$t xdef $l $r add 2 div $t m $l $t $b add 2 div L $l $r add 2 div $b L $r $t $b add 2 div L closepath}bdef /ellipse{newpath/savematrix matrix currentmatrix def translate scale 0 0 1 5 -2 roll arc savematrix setmatrix}bdef /drawcircle{/$r xdef /$b xdef /$l xdef /$t xdef 0 360 $r $l sub 2 div $t $b sub 2 div $r $l add 2 div $b $t add 2 div ellipse}bdef /dofill{gsave 1 setlinewidth eoclip /$drawit xdef /$steps xdef /$cv xdef /$ch xdef /$r xdef /$b xdef /$l xdef /$t xdef /$tstep $t $cv sub $steps div def /$bstep $b $cv sub $steps div def /$lstep $l $ch sub $steps div def /$rstep $r $ch sub $steps div def dup /$black xdef exch sub $steps div /$blackStep xdef dup /$yellow xdef exch sub $steps div /$yellowStep xdef dup /$magenta xdef exch sub $steps div /$magentaStep xdef dup /$cyan xdef exch sub $steps div /$cyanStep xdef newpath 0 1 $steps{pop $cyan $magenta $yellow $black setcmykcolor $t $l $b $r $drawit eofill /$t $t $tstep sub def /$l $l $lstep sub def /$b $b $bstep sub def /$r $r $rstep sub def /$cyan $cyan $cyanStep sub def /$magenta $magenta $magentaStep sub def /$yellow $yellow $yellowStep sub def /$black $black $blackStep sub def}for grestore}bdef /dolfill{gsave 1 setlinewidth eoclip 1 sub /$steps xdef /$r xdef /$b xdef /$l xdef /$t xdef /$type xdef 1 eq /$isdouble xdef dup /$black xdef exch sub $steps div /$blackStep xdef dup /$yellow xdef exch sub $steps div /$yellowStep xdef dup /$magenta xdef exch sub $steps div /$magentaStep xdef dup /$cyan xdef exch sub $steps div /$cyanStep xdef $type 1 eq{/$fromx $l def /$fromy $t def /$tox $r def /$toy $t def /$stepx 0 def /$stepy $t $b sub $steps div $isdouble{2 div}if def $stepx abs $stepy abs gt{$stepx}{$stepy}ifelse abs setlinewidth}if $type 2 eq{/$fromx $l def /$fromy $t def /$tox $l def /$toy $b def /$stepx $r $l sub $steps div $isdouble{2 div}if def /$stepy 0 def $stepx abs $stepy abs gt{$stepx}{$stepy}ifelse abs setlinewidth}if $type 3 eq{/$fromx $l $r $l sub 2 div sub def /$fromy $t $b add 2 div def /$tox $r $l add 2 div def /$toy $t $t $b sub 2 div add def /$stepx $r $l sub $steps div $isdouble{2 div}if def /$stepy $t $b sub $steps div $isdouble{2 div}if def $stepx abs $stepy abs gt{$stepx}{$stepy}ifelse abs 2 mul setlinewidth}if $type 4 eq{/$fromx $r $r $l sub 2 div add def /$fromy $t $b add 2 div def /$tox $r $l add 2 div def /$toy $t $t $b sub 2 div add def /$stepx $r $l sub $steps div neg $isdouble{2 div}if def /$stepy $t $b sub $steps div $isdouble{2 div}if def $stepx abs $stepy abs gt{$stepx}{$stepy}ifelse abs 2 mul setlinewidth}if newpath 0 1 $steps{pop $cyan $magenta $yellow $black setcmykcolor $fromx $fromy moveto $tox $toy lineto stroke /$fromx $fromx $stepx add def /$fromy $fromy $stepy sub def /$tox $tox $stepx add def /$toy $toy $stepy sub def /$cyan $cyan $cyanStep sub def /$magenta $magenta $magentaStep sub def /$yellow $yellow $yellowStep sub def /$black $black $blackStep sub def}for $isdouble{/$cyanStep $cyanStep neg def /$magentaStep $magentaStep neg def /$yellowStep $yellowStep neg def /$blackStep $blackStep neg def 0 1 $steps 1 sub{pop /$cyan $cyan $cyanStep sub def /$magenta $magenta $magentaStep sub def /$yellow $yellow $yellowStep sub def /$black $black $blackStep sub def $cyan $magenta $yellow $black setcmykcolor $fromx $fromy moveto $tox $toy lineto stroke /$fromx $fromx $stepx add def /$fromy $fromy $stepy sub def /$tox $tox $stepx add def /$toy $toy $stepy sub def}for}if grestore}bdef /myarc{90 exch sub exch 90 exch sub arc}bdef /arcfill{gsave 1 setlinewidth eoclip eЁР'xch dup /$startangle xdef sub exch dup /$steps xdef div /$stepsize xdef /$hight xdef /$width xdef /$y xdef /$x xdef /$steps $steps 1 sub def dup /$black xdef exch sub $steps div /$blackStep xdef dup /$yellow xdef exch sub $steps div /$yellowStep xdef dup /$magenta xdef exch sub $steps div /$magentaStep xdef dup /$cyan xdef exch sub $steps div /$cyanStep xdef $x $y translate $hight $width gt{/$rad $width def 1 $hight $width div scale}{/$rad $hight def $width $hight div 1 scale} ifelse 1 -1 scale newpath 0 1 $steps{pop $cyan $magenta $yellow $black setcmykcolor 0 0 moveto 0 0 $rad $startangle dup $stepsize add dup /$startangle xdef myarc closepath eofill /$cyan $cyan $cyanStep sub def /$magenta $magenta $magentaStep sub def /$yellow $yellow $yellowStep sub def /$black $black $blackStep sub def}for grestore}bdef /DoGrayImage {/bpp exch def /sampv exch def /samph exch def /picstr samph string def translate scale{ 1 exch sub }settransfer samph sampv bpp [ samph 0 0 sampv 0 0 ]{ currentfile picstr readhexstring pop}image}bdef /DoColorImage {/nocolor systemdict /setcmykcolor known not def /bpp exch def /sampv exch def /samph exch def /comp1str samph string def /comp3str samph 3 mul string def translate scale /cvcomp1{/ii 0 def 0 3 comp3str length 3 idiv 3 mul{dup comp3str exch get exch dup 1 add comp3str exch get exch 2 add comp3str exch get .11 mul exch .59 mul add exch .3 mul add round cvi comp1str exch ii exch put /ii ii 1 add def}for}bdef samph sampv bpp [ samph 0 0 sampv 0 0 ] nocolor{{ currentfile comp3str readhexstring pop pop cvcomp1 comp1str }image }{{ currentfile comp3str readhexstring pop}false 3 colorimage } ifelse}bdef /buildfont{ exch findfont exch { dup length dict begin { 1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse } forall /Encoding NewCodes def currentdict end definefont } if [1 0 0 -1 0 0] makefont def }bdef /BeginEPSF { /b4_inc_state save def /dict_count countdictstack def /op_count count 1 sub def userdict begin /showpage { } def 0 setgray 0 setlinecap 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 10 setmiterlimit [] 0 setdash newpath /languagelevel where { pop languagelevel 1 ne { false setstrokeadjust false setoverprint } if } if } bind def /EndEPSF { count op_count sub { pop } repeat countdictstack dict_count sub { end } repeat b4_inc_state restore } bind def /currentpacking where{pop false setpacking}if end %%EndProcSet %%BeginSetup DeltaGraphPro begin 2 setmiterlimit n gsave clippath pathbbox /clipBot xdef /clipRight xdef /clipTop xdef /clipLeft xdef grestore clipRight clipLeft sub abs 511 abs div /xScale xdef clipBot clipTop sub abs 571 abs div /yScale xdef [ xScale 0 0 yScale clipLeft 42 xScale mul sub clipTop 13 yScale mul sub ] concat /fnt__0 dup /Courier true buildfont /fnt__1 dup /Times-Bold true buildfont /fnt__2 dup /Helvetica true buildfont %%EndSetup % Chart % Poly line 0.25 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 85 548.469 m 88 548.469 L S 85 538.949 m 88 538.949 L S 85 529.43 m 88 529.43 L S 85 519.91 m 88 519.91 L S 85 510.391 m 88 510.391 L S 85 500.871 m 88 500.871 L S 85 491.352 m 88 491.352 L S 85 481.836 m 88 481.836 L S 85 472.316 m 88 472.316 L S 85 462.797 m 88 462.797 L S 85 453.277 m 88 453.277 L S 85 443.758 m 88 443.758 L S 85 434.238 m 88 434.238 L S 85 424.723 m 88 424.723 L S 85 415.203 m 88 415.203 L S 85 405.684 m 88 405.684 L S 85 396.164 m 88 396.164 L S 85 386.645 m 88 386.645 L S 85 377.125 m 88 377.125 L S 85 367.609 m 88 367.609 L S 85 358.09 m 88 358.09 L S 85 348.57 m 88 348.57 L S 85 339.051 m 88 339.051 L S 85 329.531 m 88 329.531 L S 85 320.012 m 88 320.012 L S 85 310.496 m 88 310.496 L S % Poly line 0.25 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 88 551.469 m 88 548.469 L S 102.215 551.469 m 102.215 548.469 L S 116.434 551.469 m 116.434 548.469 L S 130.648 551.469 m 130.648 548.469 L S 144.867 551.469 m 144.867 548.469 L S 159.082 551.469 m 159.082 548.469 L S 173.301 551.469 m 173.301 548.469 L S 187.516 551.469 m 187.516 548.469 L S 201.734 551.469 m 201.734 548.469 L S 215.953 551.469 m 215.953 548.469 L S 230.168 551.469 m 230.168 548.469 L S 244.387 551.469 m 244.387 548.469 L S 258.602 551.469 m 258.602 548.469 L S 272.82 551.469 m 272.82 548.469 L S 287.035 551.469 m 287.035 548.469 L S 301.254 551.469 m 301.254 548.469 L S 315.473 551.469 m 315.473 548.469 L S 329.688 551.469 m 329.688 548.469 L S 343.906 551.469 m 343.906 548.469 L S 358.121 551.469 m 358.121 548.469 L S 372.34 551.469 m 372.34 548.469 L S 386.555 551.469 m 386.555 548.469 L S 400.773 551.469 m 400.773 548.469 L S 414.988 551.469 m 414.988 548.469 L S 429.207 551.469 m 429.207 548.469 L S 443.426 551.469 m 443.426 548.469 L S 457.641 551.469 m 457.641 548.469 L S 471.859 551.469 m 471.859 548.469 L S 486.074 551.469 m 486.074 548.469 L S 500.293 551.469 m 500.293 548.469 L S 514.508 551.469 m 514.508 548.469 L S 528.727 551.469 m 528.727 548.469 L S 542.945 551.469 m 542.945 548.469 L S % Poly line 0.5 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 82 548.469 m 88 548.469 L S 82 500.871 m 88 500.871 L S 82 453.277 m 88 453.277 L S 82 405.684 m 88 405.684 L S 82 358.09 m 88 358.09 L S 82 310.496 m 88 310.496 L S % Poly line 0.5 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 88 554.469 m 88 548.469 L S 144.867 554.469 m 144.867 548.469 L S 201.734 554.469 m 201.734 548.469 L S 258.602 554.469 m 258.602 548.469 L S 315.473 554.469 m 315.473 548.469 L S 372.34 554.469 m 372.34 548.469 L S 429.207 554.469 m 429.207 548.469 L S 486.074 554.469 m 486.074 548.469 L S 542.945 554.469 m 542.945 548.469 L S % Line 0 G 1 w 0 0 0 1 CMYK 88 548.469 m 88 310.496 L S % Line 0 G 1 w 0 0 0 1 CMYK 88 548.469 m 542.945 548.469 L S % Poly line 1 w 0 G 0 1 1 0 CMYK 542.945 329.688 m 542.598 330.008 L 542.047 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129.375 m 86.645 129.375 L S 83.645 124.617 m 86.645 124.617 L S 83.645 119.855 m 86.645 119.855 L S 83.645 115.098 m 86.645 115.098 L S 83.645 110.336 m 86.645 110.336 L S 83.645 105.578 m 86.645 105.578 L S 83.645 100.82 m 86.645 100.82 L S 83.645 96.059 m 86.645 96.059 L S 83.645 91.301 m 86.645 91.301 L S 83.645 86.539 m 86.645 86.539 L S 83.645 81.781 m 86.645 81.781 L S 83.645 77.023 m 86.645 77.023 L S 83.645 72.262 m 86.645 72.262 L S 83.645 67.504 m 86.645 67.504 L S 83.645 62.742 m 86.645 62.742 L S 83.645 57.984 m 86.645 57.984 L S 83.645 53.223 m 86.645 53.223 L S 83.645 48.465 m 86.645 48.465 L S 83.645 43.707 m 86.645 43.707 L S 83.645 38.945 m 86.645 38.945 L S 83.645 34.188 m 86.645 34.188 L S 83.645 29.426 m 86.645 29.426 L S 83.645 24.668 m 86.645 24.668 L S 83.645 19.906 m 86.645 19.906 L S % Poly line 0.25 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 86.645 260.883 m 86.645 257.883 L S 100.859 260.883 m 100.859 257.883 L S 115.078 260.883 m 115.078 257.883 L S 129.293 260.883 m 129.293 257.883 L S 143.512 260.883 m 143.512 257.883 L S 157.727 260.883 m 157.727 257.883 L S 171.945 260.883 m 171.945 257.883 L S 186.16 260.883 m 186.16 257.883 L S 200.379 260.883 m 200.379 257.883 L S 214.598 260.883 m 214.598 257.883 L S 228.812 260.883 m 228.812 257.883 L S 243.031 260.883 m 243.031 257.883 L S 257.246 260.883 m 257.246 257.883 L S 271.465 260.883 m 271.465 257.883 L S 285.68 260.883 m 285.68 257.883 L S 299.898 260.883 m 299.898 257.883 L S 314.117 260.883 m 314.117 257.883 L S 328.332 260.883 m 328.332 257.883 L S 342.551 260.883 m 342.551 257.883 L S 356.766 260.883 m 356.766 257.883 L S 370.984 260.883 m 370.984 257.883 L S 385.199 260.883 m 385.199 257.883 L S 399.418 260.883 m 399.418 257.883 L S 413.633 260.883 m 413.633 257.883 L S 427.852 260.883 m 427.852 257.883 L S 442.07 260.883 m 442.07 257.883 L S 456.285 260.883 m 456.285 257.883 L S 470.504 260.883 m 470.504 257.883 L S 484.719 260.883 m 484.719 257.883 L S 498.938 260.883 m 498.938 257.883 L S 513.152 260.883 m 513.152 257.883 L S 527.371 260.883 m 527.371 257.883 L S 541.59 260.883 m 541.59 257.883 L S % Poly line 0.5 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 80.645 257.883 m 86.645 257.883 L S 80.645 234.082 m 86.645 234.082 L S 80.645 210.285 m 86.645 210.285 L S 80.645 186.488 m 86.645 186.488 L S 80.645 162.691 m 86.645 162.691 L S 80.645 138.895 m 86.645 138.895 L S 80.645 115.098 m 86.645 115.098 L S 80.645 91.301 m 86.645 91.301 L S 80.645 67.504 m 86.645 67.504 L S 80.645 43.707 m 86.645 43.707 L S 80.645 19.906 m 86.645 19.906 L S % Poly line 0.5 w 0 G 0 0 0 1 CMYK 86.645 263.883 m 86.645 257.883 L S 143.512 263.883 m 143.512 257.883 L S 200.379 263.883 m 200.379 257.883 L S 257.246 263.883 m 257.246 257.883 L S 314.117 263.883 m 314.117 257.883 L S 370.984 263.883 m 370.984 257.883 L S 427.852 263.883 m 427.852 257.883 L S 484.719 263.883 m 484.719 257.883 L S 541.59 263.883 m 541.59 257.883 L S % Line 0 G 1 w 0 0 0 1 CMYK 86.645 257.883 m 86.645 19.906 L S % Line 0 G 1 w 0 0 0 1 CMYK 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511.621 25.715 L 511.074 25.098 L 510.527 24.715 L 509.977 24.715 L 509.43 24.383 L 508.879 24.668 L 508.332 24.191 L 507.781 24.145 L 507.234 23.977 L 506.684 24.262 L 506.137 23.93 L 505.586 23.906 L 505.043 23.574 L 504.492 23.551 L 503.945 23.598 L 503.395 23.477 L 502.848 23.168 L 502.297 23.145 L 501.75 23.477 L 501.199 23 L 500.652 22.574 L 500.102 22.004 L 499.555 22.312 L 499.008 21.953 L 498.461 22.027 L 497.91 21.98 L 497.363 21.789 L 496.812 21.93 L 496.266 21.859 L 495.715 21.98 L 495.168 21.574 L 494.621 21.668 L 494.07 21.453 L 493.523 21.383 L 492.973 21.191 L 492.426 21.191 L 491.875 21.145 L 491.328 21.359 L 490.777 21.43 L 490.23 21.242 L 489.68 21.406 L 489.137 21.219 L 488.586 21.121 L 488.039 21.098 L 487.488 21.191 L 486.941 21.004 L 486.391 20.957 L 485.844 20.906 L 485.293 20.883 L 484.746 20.719 L 484.199 20.883 L 483.652 21.121 L 483.102 20.859 L 482.555 20.812 L 482.004 20.789 L 481.457 20.957 L 480.906 20.645 L 480.359 20.574 L 479.809 20.742 L 479.262 20.93 L 478.715 20.621 L 478.164 20.383 L 477.617 20.383 L 477.066 20.266 L 476.52 20.098 L 475.969 20.074 L 475.422 20.121 L 474.871 19.98 L 474.324 20.098 L 473.777 20.027 L 473.23 19.957 L 472.68 20.027 L 472.133 20.051 L 471.582 19.98 L 471.035 19.934 L 470.484 20.004 L 469.938 20.027 L 469.387 20.121 L 469.059 19.91 L S 463.164 19.91 m 462.809 20.051 L 462.258 20.172 L 461.711 20.172 L 461.16 20.574 L 460.613 20.434 L 460.066 20.598 L 459.516 20.742 L 458.969 21.121 L 458.418 21.48 L 457.871 21.859 L 457.324 22.527 L 456.773 23.215 L 456.227 24.285 L 455.676 25.359 L 455.129 27.215 L 454.578 30.594 L 454.031 38.707 L 453.48 55.629 L 452.934 75.785 L 452.387 73.523 L 451.84 50.418 L 451.289 32.305 L 450.742 24.383 L 450.191 21.883 L 449.645 20.668 L 449.094 20.359 L 448.602 19.91 L S 438.387 19.91 m 438.125 19.957 L 438.047 19.91 L S 436.801 19.91 m 436.48 20.145 L 435.934 20.359 L 435.383 20.074 L 434.836 20.195 L 434.285 21.004 L 433.738 20.312 L 433.188 20.219 L 432.641 20.195 L 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Exp. uv€ abљЦ<љИ<љЈ *I*џ џџџџ* *I *I*,Times .+*  ,  Helvetica)  Œh{ƒ„Т ?@vxHJ‹ГИыь7: m o p † ‡ Ž m@ABSTVуфх2345689:;<W\] .ўјђјђђјђьђцђцђцђјђјђцђјђјђцђўђьцђьцђпђўђђмђђмђђђж @H @h  ќ  €€:gh{„Т €‹Œ›œя№ўџДЕ Р С † ‡ Ž  , m дтухљљђыыыхыыыылбыыЧЧЧМБЧЇЧЧ“хххЁwЧmЧc џ$Hhў˜ џ$&hў˜ $ hў˜$ hў˜$ hў˜ $ hў˜ џ$Khў˜ $ hў˜ $ hў˜џ $ hў˜џ $ hў˜ $ ”` џ$r”`$ $ $ $ $х67WXZ[\]і№ы№ыцыыіѓ$є$Д $hў˜ џџџџџџџџџџџџtimesџџ$џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ€0џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ џ ѓєіо]] m]g ADG .…х]†‡ !"ОЛР 2 К г  ™ %žуŸДZDfgd * - в л ё є!!"!'!D"3Л3Н3О8/8х:]:^:_:`HHк(џсџсљEG(ќHHк(d'@=р/а8 а а’@H-:LaserWriter 8 TimesР €€Eн}Cл|A CH 141 LAB 9Calcium carbonate lab Whitney King Whitney King