7# $f"#f     .txf * $6Chemistry 141 Pre-exam and Great Expectations #1 This does not constitute the questions you will see on the exam. Rather, it gives you an indication of exam format, and how we ask questions. On this exam we will also provide "expectations" . . . things we expect you to be able to discuss, but for which we do not have a specific question. Because we want to give you practice, this is longer than an hour exam! PART I. REVIEW On all exams but this one you will have a review question or two from prior exams. PART II. HOMEWORK You will be expected on each exam to do one of the suggested homework problems. PART III. Basic Facts About the Elements You should be able know the names and symbols for the first 18 elements discuss the concept of isotope and the three major components of the atom know the names and symbols of a few common elements not in the first 18 (discussed in class) describe the various "kinds" of elements found in different "sections" of the periodic table.  1. What is the neutral element with 18 protons and 22 neutrons? 2. What is the neutral element having 15 electrons and 15 neutrons? 3. The following isotopes of lead and their abundances are known. What is the elemental molar mass of lead?  4. What are the names of elements represented by the following symbols? P K Se Ca Cu Fe Zn Ag 5. Given a generic Periodic Table, fill in the sections with the appropriate letter. Where would you expect to find: A. Halogens B. Alkaline earths C. Transition metals D. Inert gases  SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, UNITS AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS You should be able to: mathematically relate the terms: kilo, centi and milli write and interpret numbers in scientific notation set up and execute unit conversion problems 6. Given: 1 quart = 0.95 L 4 quarts = 1 gallon 1 pound = 0.45 kg 16 ounces = 1 pound What is the density of a sample in g/mL given a density of 89 oz/gal? 7. Ethyl (my cute little doggie) weighs 21 pounds. What is her weight in milligrams (expressed in scientific notation). 8. Density uses both mass and volume [ d = mass/vol]. You know that iron is much more dense than water . . . and sinks. Why do large battleships and aircraft carriers ( that weight zillions of tons!) float when they are made of heavy armor steel? 9. A small figurine is presented to the Chem 141 class. King weighs it . . . 147.0 grams. Mundy submerges it in water and finds the volume of water is displaced by 13 mL. Using data in Table 1-5, tell us what the figurine is made of. DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC THEORY You should be able to briefly (25 words or less) describe the role of each of the following people in developing our modern view of the atom: Dalton Thomson Millikan Rutherford IONS You should be able to: Discuss what we mean by an ion. Discuss how a water solution containing ions is different from a solution not carrying ions. Identify the magnitude and charge on a number of simple and polyatomic ions. 10. What is the most likely charge associated with: Cl S Cs Ba Al Zn O K 11. Provide formulas for ionic compounds made from the following ions: BrONO3PO4SO4MnO4NH4MgLiFe(III)Cu(II) 13. Name the following compounds SO3 P2O5 CaS HgCl2 NaH HBr CARBON COMPOUNDS You should be able to: Convert line drawings to "Kekule" structures  and then to elemental formulas: C3H8O determine molecular weights (molecular molar mass) from formula 14. Retinal is the molecule responsible for vision.  What is the molecular molar mass (MW) of retinal? 15. Determine the molar mass of each of the following salts: Calcium hydroxide Lithium perchlorate ammonium phosphate Iron (III) nitrate THE MOLE CONCEPT You should be able to: know what we mean by the mole carry out mole-mass-number computations determine formulas from percent composition 17.  The compound shown above is one of the constituents of the anal secretion of the Asian civet cat. It is important in the perfume industry. a. What is the simple formula? b. How many moles of C are their per mole of compound? c. If you had 2 grams of this compound, how many molecules would you have? 18.  Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an explosive. How many moles of TNT are contained in 250 grams of TNT? 19. a-Pinene is a major component of turpentine. Analysis by Mass spectroscopy gave a molecular weight of 136. Combustion analysis showed it to be 88.3% C and 11.6% H. What is the molecular formula? OTHER DETERMINATIONS OF COMPOSITION DECOMPOSITION: You should be able to carry out analysis by decomposition. Here we must always assume the reaction goes to completion ( Reactants go to products). Assuming we can identify the products we can weight them and by determining the moles of products we know the mole ratio of the atoms in the starting material. 20. A compound is decomposed to O (41.41%), P (18.50%), H (0.20%) and Ca (39.89%). What is the formula of the starting compound? COMBUSTION  The important feature here is the oxygen found in the products comes from the oxygen used for the combustion. Thus you know that for each mole of carbon dioxide formed there is one mole of carbon . . . with origins in the starting material. For each mole of water formed there are two moles of hydrogen . . . each originating from the starting material, etc.... We cannot easily measure oxygen in the starting material, so if there is oxygen in the starting material, any non-balancing of weight is assumed to come from oxygen. 21. Progesterone is the pregnancy hormone. It is known to have oxygen in its structure. A small sample (0.00500 grams) is burned in oxygen and the products are collected. We obtain 0.0147 grams of carbon dioxide and 0.0041 grams of water. By Mass spec we know the molecular formula to be 314. What is the molecular formula? AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS MOLARITY You should be able to: calculate molarities of solutions M = moles of solute/ Vol (in liters) of solution carry out calculations using the concept of molarity know how ionic solutions differ from non-ionic solutions. 22. You have 30 grams of fructose (C6H12O6) in 3.0 liters of solution. a. What is the molarity of your sugar solution? b. If you drink 25 mL of the solution how many grams of fructose will you have ingested? c. How many molecules of fructose are their in each mL? Ionic compounds can dissociate into ions in solution. Thus:  23. If I have 26 grams of calcium nitrate in 250 mL of solution, what is the molarity if nitrate in the solution? DILUTION TECHNIQUES You should be able to understand the qualitative theory about dilutions. You simply have to keep track of moles. You simply take the numbers of moles you need from the more concentrated solution and add water!  24. How can you make 25 mL of 0.025M NaCl (saline) solution from a bottle of 1.000M NaCl solution? PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS In a simple sense: We find how much of an element is present by precipitating it, and then weighing the solid. For example, if I knew there were silver ions in solution, I could add sodium chloride solution. The chloride ions react with the silver ions to make silver chloride, I can weigh this an then know how much silver ions there were. 25. I have a 250 mL of a solution of silver nitrate (this is a soluble silver salt). I do not know how much silver ion is present. I add excess sodium chloride ( soluble salt) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) I weigh the silver chloride and find 3.25 grams. What was the molarity of the original silver nitrate solution? BALANCING EQUATIONS You should be able to: Balance chemical equations Explain what the equation "tells" you. Use balanced equations and the mole concept to do chemical calculations. calculate the percent yield of a reaction 26. Balance the following: a. C12H26 + O2 CO2 + H2O How many grams of water will you get from 16 grams of the hydrocarbon? b. Na + H2O NaOH + H2 How many grams of hydrogen gas will you get if you add 4 grams of sodium metal to excess water? 27. In the reaction (26a) you only really obtained 0.5 grams of water. What is your percent yield? HINT: % Yield = {(what you got)/(what you should have got)}*100 LIMITING REAGENTS: What to do if you don't have enough stuff! You need to know the ideal balanced equation . . . this gives you the mole relationships. Then you calculate what you have. The one that is the least amount (molar amount be sure to note molar ratios!) controls the reaction. 28. How much silver chloride will you obtain by mixing 250 mL of .5M silver nitrate solution with 300 mL of .3M magnesium chloride solution? AgNO3 + MgCl2 AgCl + Mg(NO3)2 29. 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52.4Times264x04x0424 24CHMD24GrphbjdCHMDUntitled Document-1dCHMDg(d'@count  01 24currentpoint 192837465 !2 currentpoint  24"( save/chemsave exch def %%BeginProcSet: chemdict30 24 10 % ChemDraw Laser Prep % Copyright 1986-1993, Cambridge Scientific Computing, Inc. userdict/chemdict30 210 dict put chemdict30 begin/version 24 def/sv 10 def/b{bind def}bind def/L{load def}b/R{null def}b/d/def L/a/add L/al/aload L/as/astore L/at/atan L/cp/closepath L/cv/curveto L/cw/currentlinewidth L/cpt/currentpoint L/dv/div L/D/dup L/e/exch L/F/false L/f/fill L/fa/forall L/g/get L/gi/getinterval L/gr/grestore L/gs/gsave L/ie/ifelse L/ix/index L/l/lineto L/mt/matrix L/M/moveto L/m/mul L/n/neg L/np/newpath L/pb/pathbbox L/P/pop L/r/roll L/rm/rmoveto L/ro/rotate L/rp/repeat L/ru/round L/sc/scale L/sl/setlinewidth L/sm/setmatrix L/st/stroke L/sp/strokepath L/sq/sqrt L/s/sub L/T/true L/tr/transform L/xl/translate L/xc/exec L/A R/N R/St R/X R/Y R/aL R/bL R/bS R/bd R/bs R/cX R/cY R/ch R/co R/fB R/fI R/fS R/fZ 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0 p M 0 p l st gr}b/ap{e 3 ix a e 2 ix a}b/PT{D 2 4 gi al P OP D 1 sc o length 6 gt{P 6 g}{e P 8 dv}ie D lW 2 m lt{P lW 2 m}if 0 e p 0 0 p 3 -1 r s 3 1 r e s e 0 0 p M 1 0 p l 0 0 p ap M 1 0 p ap l e n e n 0 0 p ap M 1 0 p ap l P P}b f/DT{gs np PT SM st gr}b/NH{lW s D hS dv ru cvi D 0 eq{P 1}if/nH x D hS nH m s D 0 lt{P .1 s nH dv}{nH 2 a dv D 0 xl 2 m s nH dv}ie}b/Bd{D type/arraytype ne{bs e g}if{{P}{{{DS}{DD}{gs 12 OB np bW 2 dv/bd x lW 2 dv e D NH e{D bd p M bd n p l}for st gr}{gs 12 OB np lW 2 dv 0 xl NH 1 sc bW 2 dv wF m nH 1 a dv/bd x 0 1 nH{D 1 a bd m o o p M n p l}for SM st gr}{P}{DB}{gs 12 OB np 0 lW 2 dv o o n p M p l bW 2 dv wF m o o p l n p l cp f gr}{P}{gs 12 OB/bL x bW 2 dv D lW lt{P lW}if/bd x np 0 0 p M bL bd 4 m dv ru 2 o o lt{e}if P cvi/nSq x bL nSq 2 m dv D sc nSq{.135 .667 .865 .667 1 0 rcurveto .135 -.667 .865 -.667 1 0 rcurveto}rp SM st gr}{gs 12 OB np 0 lW 2 dv o o n p M p l bW 2 dv wF m o o p l n p l cp SM lW 0.8 m sl st gr}{P}{4 2 r gs OP/rad x 1 SA DA gr}{P}}o 1 g 1 s g e 2 4 gi al P 5 -1 r xc}{al P 8 ix 1 eq{DD}{DS}ie 5 -1 r 2 eq{DB}{DS}ie P}{DT}}o 0 g g xc}b /SP{/sf x/lW x/bW x/cW x SPn}b/SPn{gs count 9 ge 7 ix 192837465 eq and{7 -1 r P 6 -2 r o o xl 7 -1 r s e 7 -1 r s e 5 -1 r dv neg e 5 -1 r dv neg e sc neg e neg e xl}{xl P P}ie 1 1 S dv D sc CMT currentmatrix P lW sl 4.0 setmiterlimit np}b "S8"_M"Sl "5l"&Sq%S5m'S%S5m5l'S"59q%85S%S'S5958%S"\ "a"aqSbSUbaS"<"<"T qSa`aUS`"U end %%EndProcSet 40 80 20 20 54 chemdict30 begin/hS x/sf x/lW x/bW x/cW x/sh T d 205 72 11 34 SPn/origstk x 65535 65535 65535 sBg 0 0 0 C np 1140 1654 M 1130 1660 l 1120 1653 l 1120 1054 l 1140 1066 l cp f np 1555 1894 M 1545 1912 l 1129 1671 l 1130 1660 l 1140 1654 l cp f np 2160 1654 M 2170 1660 l 2170 1672 l 1775 1900 l 1765 1882 l cp f np 2160 1066 M 2180 1054 l 2180 1654 l 2170 1660 l 2160 1654 l cp f np 1650 772 M 1650 748 l 2180 1054 l 2160 1066 l cp f np 1650 748 M 1650 772 l 1140 1066 l 1120 1054 l cp f np 653 1862 M 645 1844 l 1120 1653 l 1130 1660 l 1129 1671 l cp f np 2692 1943 M 2692 1967 l 2170 1672 l 2170 1660 l 2180 1654 l cp f np 3226 1669 M 3226 1693 l 2692 1967 l 2692 1943 l cp f np 3180 1190 M 3200 1190 l 3200 1699 l 3180 1699 l cp f np 3252 1190 M 3272 1190 l 3272 1702 l 3252 1702 l cp f np 3636 1916 M 3626 1934 l 3226 1693 l 3226 1669 l cp f np 4106 1696 M 4118 1712 l 3852 1918 l 3840 1902 l cp f gr count origstk sub{P}rp end chemsave restore ,  Helvetica .+NfO(b H +3 +(bC(:O+.O(UHd:>>::p99Uend %%EndProcSet 40 80 20 20 54 chemdict30 begin/hS x/sf x/lW x/bW x/cW x/sh T d 442 60 46 169 SPn/origstk x 65535 65535 65535 sBg 0 0 0 C 3940 3800 1920 3800 2 Ar 4420 3640 4420 3840 66 Ar 5900 3660 5900 3860 67 Ar 1740 4040 1000 3480 43 Ar 4840 4060 4060 3460 43 Ar 6280 4060 5520 3480 43 Ar gr count origstk sub{P}rp end chemsave restore ,Times .+:MZ +3 +M( 3+Z(3+J1(=There are 4 moles of ions for every mole of starting materialdbCHMDSTRG.  x (XP6dB8DDCL  +  +  +    tP@MZ3  d||dDM  <<3  xllxZ  ` ` 3  tp t1=  P P%=There are 4 moles of ions for every mole of starting materialTimes S.~.p.`*% %*CHMD*%GrphbjdCHMDUntitled Document-1dCHMDg(d'@count  (#)$ *%currentpoint 192837465 !*% currentpoint  *%" % save/chemsave exch def %%BeginProcSet: chemdict30 24 10 % ChemDraw Laser Prep % Copyright 1986-1993, Cambridge Scientific Computing, Inc. userdict/chemdict30 210 dict put chemdict30 begin/version 24 def/sv 10 def/b{bind def}bind def/L{load def}b/R{null def}b/d/def L/a/add L/al/aload L/as/astore L/at/atan L/cp/closepath L/cv/curveto L/cw/currentlinewidth L/cpt/currentpoint L/dv/div L/D/dup L/e/exch L/F/false L/f/fill L/fa/forall L/g/get L/gi/getinterval L/gr/grestore L/gs/gsave L/ie/ifelse L/ix/index L/l/lineto L/mt/matrix L/M/moveto L/m/mul L/n/neg L/np/newpath L/pb/pathbbox L/P/pop L/r/roll L/rm/rmoveto L/ro/rotate L/rp/repeat L/ru/round L/sc/scale L/sl/setlinewidth L/sm/setmatrix L/st/stroke L/sp/strokepath L/sq/sqrt L/s/sub L/T/true L/tr/transform L/xl/translate L/xc/exec L/A R/N R/St R/X R/Y R/aL R/bL R/bS R/bd R/bs R/cX R/cY R/ch R/co R/fB R/fI R/fS R/fZ R/fl R/ft R/iX R/iY R/idx R/lh R/llx R/lly R/lp R/nH R/nSq R/newdict R/ps R/rad R/rev R/sL R/sba R/sbl R/sbs R/sn R/spa R/tB R/typ R/urx R/ury R/w R/wF R/xX R/xY R/rBg R/gBg R/bBg R/gry R/rDst R/gDst R/bDst R/sf 20 d/cW 20 d/lW 20 d/bW 75 d/wF 1.5 d/aF 11.875 d/aR 0.263 d/aA 50 d/hS 54 d/pA 32 d/sh F d/S{sf m}b/dL{[hS] 0 setdash}b/o{1 ix}b/rot{3 -1 r}b/x{e d}b/CMT mt d/TM mt d/SM{CMT sm}b/XY{X D m Y D m a sq}b/s1 1 string d/fp{T charpath flattenpath}b/p{tr ru 0.25 a e ru 0.25 a e itransform}b/C{65536. dv rot 65536. dv rot 65536. dv rot setrgbcolor}b/sg{D currenthsbcolor P rot sethsbcolor currenthsbcolor e P e P o s D m .001 gt{setgray}{P}ie}b/sBg{65535 dv/bBg x 65535 dv/gBg x 65535 dv/rBg x}b/sRmp{currentrgbcolor bBg e s/bDst x gBg e s/gDst x rBg e s/rDst x}b/N 0 d/db{array/bs x/N 0 d}b/B{bs N rot put/N N 1 a d}b/SpA{gs np o o xl rot s e rot s o 0 ne o 0 ne or{at ro}{P P}ie aR aL m n D aL a 0 p M 0 o n aA n aA arc cp f gr}b/SpH{gs np o o xl rot s e rot s o 0 ne o 0 ne or{at ro}{P P}ie 0 cw 2 dv xl aR aL m n D aL a 0 p M 0 o n aA n 0 arc cp f gr}b/Sp{/St x 0.316/aR x gs aF lW m 0.8 m St 4 and 0 ne{bW m lW dv bW sl}if/aL x St 8 and 0 ne{8 ix 8 ix 3 ix 3 ix SpA}if St 16 and 0 ne{2 ix 6 m 1 a D ix e D ix e D ix e D ix e P SpA}if St 32 and 0 ne{8 ix 8 ix 3 ix 3 ix SpH}if St 64 and 0 ne{2 ix 6 m 1 a D ix e D ix e D ix e D ix e P SpH}if St 2 and 0 ne{St 4 and 0 ne{[hS bW m lW dv] 0 setdash}{dL}ie}if np M{cv}rp St 128 and 0 ne{f}{st}ie gr}b/Ha{gs np 3 1 r xl D sc -.7 1.4 p M 0.7 1.4 p l -.7 2.4 p M 0.7 2.4 p l SM st gr}b/OP{3 ix 3 ix xl 3 -1 r s 3 1 r e s o o at ro D m e D m a sq}b/OB{/bS x OP D bS dv D lW 2 m lt{P lW 2 m}if/bd x}b/DA{np 0 0 M aL 0 aR aL m 180 aA s 180 aA a arc cp f}b/OA{np 0 cw -2 dv M aL 0 aR aL m 180 aA s 180 arc 0 cw -2 dv rlineto cp f}b/Ast{SM cw 0.8 m sl st}b/SA{aF m lW m/aL x 0.263/aR x aL 1 aR s m np 0 p M rad 0 p l gs Ast gr}b/CA{aF lW m 0.8 m/aL x 0.316/aR x aL 1 aR s m 2 dv rad D m o D m s D 0 le{P P P}{sq at 2 m np rad 0 rad 180 6 -1 r s 180 6 -1 r s arc gs Ast gr cpt e at ro}ie}b/AA{np rad 0 rad 180 180 6 -1 r a arc gs SM st gr}b/RA{lW m/w x np rad w p M w .7 dv w p l rad w n p M w .7 dv w n p l w .35 dv w 2 m p M 0 0 p l w .35 dv w -2 m p l st}b/HA{lW m/w x np 0 0 p M w 2 m D p l w 2 m w p l rad w p l rad w n p l w 2 m w n p l w 2 m D n p l cp st}b/Ar1{gs 5 1 r OP/rad x{{2.25 SA DA}{1.5 SA DA}{1 SA DA}{lW 4 m sl 4.5 SA DA}{lW 4 m sl 3 SA DA}{lW 4 m sl 2 SA DA}{270 CA DA}{180 CA DA}{120 CA DA}{90 CA DA}{2.5 RA}{2.5 HA}{1 -1 sc 270 CA DA}{1 -1 sc 180 CA DA}{1 -1 sc 120 CA DA}{1 -1 sc 90 CA DA}{5 RA}{5 HA}{dL 2.25 SA DA}{dL 1.5 SA DA}{dL 1 SA DA}{2.25 SA OA}{1.5 SA OA}{1 SA OA}{1 -1 sc 2.25 SA OA}{1 -1 sc 1.5 SA OA}{1 -1 sc 1 SA OA}{270 CA OA}{180 CA OA}{120 CA OA}{90 CA OA}{1 -1 sc 270 CA OA}{1 -1 sc 180 CA OA}{1 -1 sc 120 CA OA}{1 -1 sc 90 CA OA}{1 -1 sc 270 AA}{1 -1 sc 180 AA}{1 -1 sc 120 AA}{1 -1 sc 90 AA}}e g xc gr}b/ac{arcto 4{P}rp}b/rO{4 lW m}b/Cr{0 0 1 0 360 arc}b/Ac{XY D sc Cr SM}b/OrA{Y 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p M 0 0 0 Y lp ac 0 Y 2 dv lp neg o lp ac 0 Y 2 dv 0 Y lp ac 0 Y lp Y lp ac X lp s 0 p M X 0 X Y lp ac X Y 2 dv X lp a o lp ac X Y 2 dv X Y lp ac X Y X lp s Y lp ac SM st}{Y D 2 dv Y 180 pA s 180 pA a arc st np X Y s Y 2 dv Y pA D neg arcn st}{Rc SM st}{X lW 2 dv a lW -2 dv p M rO D rlineto X lW 2 dv a rO a Y lW 2 dv a rO a p l rO lW -2 dv a Y lW 2 dv a rO a p l lW -2 dv Y lW 2 dv a p l 0 Y p l X Y p l X 0 p l cp f 0 0 p M 0 Y p l X Y p l X 0 p l cp SM st}{Rr SM st}{rO Y p M rO rO xl 0 Y X Y rO ac X Y X 0 rO ac X 0 0 0 rO ac rO neg D xl X Y 0 Y rO ac cp f Rr st}{Ac st}{OrA gAc}{Ov st}{OrA 1 .4 sc gOv}{Asc LB whf}{Asc gLB}{Asc gs gLB gr -1 -1 sc LB whf}{Asc gs gLB gr -0.4 -0.4 sc LB whf}{Asc LB gs whf gr np -0.4 -0.4 sc gLB}{Asc DLB -1 -1 sc DLB gs whf gr np 90 ro gs gDLB gr -1 -1 sc gDLB}{Asc gs -1 -1 sc ZLB whf gr gs 3.6 12 sc gOv gr ZLB whf}{Asc gs -1 -1 sc gZLB gr gs 3.6 12 sc Cr whf gr gZLB}{0 0 p M X Y p l SM st}{bW sl 0 0 p M X Y p l SM st}{dL 0 0 p M X Y p l SM st}{OrA 1 16 dv D sc 0 -1 p M 0 0 1 0 1 ac 8 0 8 1 1 ac 8 0 16 0 1 ac 16 0 16 -1 1 ac SM st}{XY D 0 0 dt X Y dt}{XY 2 dv X Y dt}{XY D X Y dt 0 0 M SM cpt xl 2 dv D sc 1 0 M -1 0 l 0 1 M 0 -1 l Ast}{XY D X Y dt 0 0 M SM cpt xl 2 dv D sc 1 0 M -1 0 l Ast}{4.5 Aos 1 0 M -1 0 l 0 1 M 0 -1 l 2 0 M 0 0 2 0 360 arc Ast}{4.5 Aos 1 0 M -1 0 l 2 0 M 0 0 2 0 360 arc Ast}{2.25 Ath}{1.5 Ath}{1 Ath}{2.25 Aeq}{1.5 Aeq}{1 Aeq}{OrA 1 16 dv D sc 0 -1 p M 0 0 p l 16 0 p l 16 -1 p l SM st}{5 Aos 1 -1 M -1 -1 l 0 2 M 0 -2 l Ast}{5 Aos 1 -1 M -1 -1 l 1 1 M -1 1 l 0 2 M 0 -2 l Ast}{4.5 Aos 1 0 M -1 0 l 0 1 M 0 -1 l Ast}{4.5 Aos 1 0 M -1 0 l Ast}{gRc}{gRr}{Rc blf}{Rr blf}{Ac blf}{Ov blf}{Asc DLB -1 -1 sc DLB gs whf gr np 90 ro DLB -1 -1 sc DLB blf}{Asc gs -1 -1 sc ZLB blf gr gs 3.6 12 sc Cr whf gr ZLB blf}{Asc gs -1 -1 sc ZLB whf gr gs 3.6 12 sc Cr blf gr ZLB whf}{Asc LB gs whf gr np -0.4 -0.4 sc LB blf}{Asc LB gs f gr gs SM st gr np -0.4 -0.4 sc LB whf}{Asc LB blf}{Asc LB gs f gr gs SM st gr np -1 -1 sc LB whf}{Ac whf}{OrA gAc}{Ac blf}{Ov whf}{OrA 1 .4 sc gOv}{Ov blf}}e 39 s g xc gr}ie}b/DS{np p M p l st}b/DD{gs dL DS gr}b/DB{gs 12 OB bW sl np 0 0 p M 0 p l st gr}b/ap{e 3 ix a e 2 ix a}b/PT{D 2 4 gi al P OP D 1 sc o length 6 gt{P 6 g}{e P 8 dv}ie D lW 2 m lt{P lW 2 m}if 0 e p 0 0 p 3 -1 r s 3 1 r e s e 0 0 p M 1 0 p l 0 0 p ap M 1 0 p ap l e n e n 0 0 p ap M 1 0 p ap l P P}b f/DT{gs np PT SM st gr}b/NH{lW s D hS dv ru cvi D 0 eq{P 1}if/nH x D hS nH m s D 0 lt{P .1 s nH dv}{nH 2 a dv D 0 xl 2 m s nH dv}ie}b/Bd{D type/arraytype ne{bs e g}if{{P}{{{DS}{DD}{gs 12 OB np bW 2 dv/bd x lW 2 dv e D NH e{D bd p M bd n p l}for st gr}{gs 12 OB np lW 2 dv 0 xl NH 1 sc bW 2 dv wF m nH 1 a dv/bd x 0 1 nH{D 1 a bd m o o p M n p l}for SM st gr}{P}{DB}{gs 12 OB np 0 lW 2 dv o o n p M p l bW 2 dv wF m o o p l n p l cp f gr}{P}{gs 12 OB/bL x bW 2 dv D lW lt{P lW}if/bd x np 0 0 p M bL bd 4 m dv ru 2 o o lt{e}if P cvi/nSq x bL nSq 2 m dv D sc nSq{.135 .667 .865 .667 1 0 rcurveto .135 -.667 .865 -.667 1 0 rcurveto}rp SM st gr}{gs 12 OB np 0 lW 2 dv o o n p M p l bW 2 dv wF m o o p l n p l cp SM lW 0.8 m sl st gr}{P}{4 2 r gs OP/rad x 1 SA DA gr}{P}}o 1 g 1 s g e 2 4 gi al P 5 -1 r xc}{al P 8 ix 1 eq{DD}{DS}ie 5 -1 r 2 eq{DB}{DS}ie P}{DT}}o 0 g g xc}b /SP{/sf x/lW x/bW x/cW x SPn}b/SPn{gs count 9 ge 7 ix 192837465 eq and{7 -1 r P 6 -2 r o o xl 7 -1 r s e 7 -1 r s e 5 -1 r dv neg e 5 -1 r dv neg e sc neg e neg e xl}{xl P P}ie 1 1 S dv D sc CMT currentmatrix P lW sl 4.0 setmiterlimit np}b QK=N?QJM`Y+_1"^-`^;dAhZ`^@dFZ"^C`YP_W`W}^"]`]dYZ`]dZ"]`W^"/###"/###"{C#+ ##"{C#*!## Tend %%EndProcSet 40 80 20 20 54 chemdict30 begin/hS x/sf x/lW x/bW x/cW x/sh T d 478 133 37 42 SPn/origstk x 65535 65535 65535 sBg 0 0 0 C 1240 1530 1240 1730 63 Ar 2880 1510 2880 1710 63 Ar 1720 1890 860 1890 61 Ar 3420 1870 2500 1870 61 Ar 2960 1310 4300 950 11 Ar 2280 3190 1340 2470 11 Ar gr count origstk sub{P}rp end chemsave restore ,Times .+,QV *+ a (QHM ++ a (Ph=+V *+ b (QM ++ b (q( Solution a)W Solution b(45If you have to make a certain number of mL of known * 2molarity solution, you recall that V x M = moles. *6All the moles will come from the concentrated solution({NSince you know the number of moles you will need, you can claculate how many * %mL of the solution will provide this.dCHMDSTRG*%  x (XP6?? @ @=\ll\=X \X  k(    <   Tpp`Va  TMa o @  ,=h  h T